Public High School Students Have The First Amendment Right...

Public high school students have the First Amendment right of free expression and the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches while they’re at school. These protections extend a student’s social media and to the digital contents of their cell phones. At the same time, public high schools have special characteristics associated with their duty to educate students and provide a safe and orderly place conducive to learning and so students accept greater restrictions of their constitutional rights while in school. At issue with respect to Rocktown High School’s 2016 AP History class is whether the school’s â€Å"search† of history student’s social media â€Å"friends,† obtained under threat of suspension, was reasonable, whether the†¦show more content†¦Fourth Amendment. Mrs. Smith was justified in demanding that Britney Sullivan log on to social media and reveal the â€Å"secret group† suspected of cheating because Mrs. Smith’s suspicions were supported by facts and she narrowly focused her â€Å"search† to the group’s discussion of the AP history exam questions. Before searching through a student’s personal items, school officials need to have reasonable grounds to believe that the student has violated a school rule. Reasonable grounds can be based on all sorts of information, including a tip from another student as well as a student’s history of breaking school rules. Mrs. Smith knew that a group of AP History students missed the same questions, had, unexpectedly, extremely high test scores and she had a tip that the test had been stolen and questions discussed by a secret group on a specific social media site. The tip and the fishy test results gave Mrs. Smith enough suspicion to question Sullivan, a m ember of the suspect group who had broken school rules before. Cheating on a high school exam is a very serious violation. And the more serious the violation, the stronger the school’s reasons to search for evidence to either approve or dispel it. â€Å"Fourth Amendment rights†¦ are different in public schools†¦ the reasonableness inquiry cannot disregard the schools custodial and tutelary responsibility for children.†(Board of Education v. Earls 536 U.S. 844) This is

Singnifcane of Role of Media Free Essays

Using materials from Item C and elsewhere, assess the view that the mass media represent young people as a problem group? (18 Marks) Youth are often portrayed as a ‘problem group’ in society, and as a major source of anti – social behaviour, particularly young working class, and especially African Caribbean, males. The Mass Media often generate this excitement by creating stereotypes of young people as troublemakers, layabouts and vandals, and by exaggerating the occasional deviant behaviour by a few young people out of the proportion to its real significance in society. Media strongly affects youth culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Singnifcane of Role of Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media executives are quick to defend their role in youth violence and bullying while selling millions of dollars in ads focused on youth. TV producers, network executives, motion picture companies and others in the media deny any impact of their programs on the attitudes and actions of youth. This essay using materials from Item C asses the view the mass media represent young people as a problem group. Some Sociologist argues that the mass media represent young people as a problem group. This has been argued by Cohen. He argues that young people are relatively powerless and an easily identifiable group to blame for society’s problems and therefore the mass media are able to represent young people as a problem group. In his study he found that African Caribbean males are often used as scapegoats by the media to create a sense of unity through the creation of moral panic. Where they generated moral panics based on stereotypes means that all young people from a specific group get labelled as troublemakers and an antisocial problem group. A recent event that backs up Cohen study is the protest of the Rising in tuition fees to ? 9000, where young people were see a bad and making the situation even worse by causing trouble. Thus, showing that the media represent young people as a problem group. However, Signorelli’s (1989) content analysis of over 14,000 American television characters and found that not only young characters were represent as bad but also older characters were also represented as troublemakers. Which therefore show that the media equally represent different age groups as a problem. However, Jewkes (2004) points out that young people are the usual targets of moral panics, their behaves regarded as a barometer to test the usual target of moral panics, Young people are the usual target of moral panics, their behaviour is ‘regarded as a barometer to test the health or sickness of as society’ Furthermore, Pearson (1983) argues that contemporary images usually categorise young people as a problem. He argued that during the â€Å"golden age† media had represented young people with low rates of crime and the youth had respected the police. Pearson believes that the media are in a permanent panic about whatever manifestation of ‘youth as a problem’ is current: the Hooligans of Victorian Times, the Teds of the 1950s or the Travellers of today. A recent event that backs up Pearson’s theory is the London Summer 2010 Riots where young people were represented in the media as trouble makers and cause of the whole disturbance, although after research had been conducted more adults were found to be looting and rioting than young people. As well as, the media did not show much of the Young people gathering together to clean the streets of London. Therefore this shows that the media represents young people as problem groups. However Pearson theory has been criticised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In addition, Wayne et al. (2008) had conducted a content analysis of 2130 news items across all the main television channels during May 2006. They found that young people were mainly represented as a violent threat to society. They found that it was very rare for news items to feature a young person’s perspective or opinion. They note that the media only delivers a one-dimensional picture of youth, one that encourages fear and condemnation rather than understanding. Moreover, they argue that it distracts from the real problems that young people face in the modern world such as homelessness, not being able to get onto the housing ladder, unemployment or mental health and that these might be caused by society’s, or the government’s, failure to take the problems of youth seriously. Thus, showing the media represent young people as a problem group. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How to cite Singnifcane of Role of Media, Essay examples

Neoliberal Restructuring and Immigrant Selection †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Neoliberal Restructuring and Immigrant Selection. Answer: Introduction: Labor immigration regulations are among the most critical and controversial public issues in developed nations in the whole world (Karp, 2017, p. 88). What number of vagrant laborers ought to be conceded, in what capacity would it be advisable for them to be chosen, and what rights should transients be given after affirmation? Who are the champs and washouts from opening Australia's borders to more vagrant laborers from bringing low-income nations? Drawing on these financial aspects and regulatory issues, this paper main aim is to distinguish meaningful exchange in worldwide work relocation and also talks about the suggestions for national and global public strategy on labor immigration debates. The state administration made commitments regarding lessen relocation, and this dedication will apparently be a vital sorting out rule for labor movement approach choices. Low and also the talented middle workers may be the fundamental focus of any strategies to diminish Australia's labor relocation (Argent and Tonts, 2015, p. 156). The need to enhance the job prospects of existing Australian occupants, give managers access to aptitudes and labor were doing as such is viewed as most advantageous. It seeks to bolster more broad strategy objectives outside of migration, and arrange a commonly used financial association with Australia is some of the other purposes (Carr, Inkson, and Thorn, 2005, p. 391). These government goals tend to cause confliction thus requiring decisions to be made about what to organize and how to organize. This procedure is not a fundamental measurable exercise to do. It, however, needs crucial political and subjective decisions about whom and especially which ventures will win or lose from approach decisions (Carson, 2011, p. 15). The state administration has to choose between the capacity to tailor labor relocation strategies to react to nuanced strategy objectives for instance, by presenting diverse standards for various segments or organizations and a making a straightforward and transparent framework with more uniform guidelines that can be all the more effortlessly implemented and managed. A compromise faced when choosing the scope of labor relocation in the future in Australia is of the capacity to the tailor plans to various government goals in Australia versus make a framework that applies a straightforward and the underlying system of tenets consistently. The advantage of a specific level of tuning is that it enables the legislature to put migration policies that serve other strategies in the country as well as in the whole world. For instance, utilizing it to manufacture aptitudes or supply workers to specific big businesses or diminish costs in the general population segment (Maria Kuke, 2017, p. 2). Nevertheless, a customized framework is likewise complex, and the multifaceted nature has its disadvantages as well. Specifically, it makes the framework more troublesome for those laborers and the businesses to explore and raises the management issues for the government. A migration framework with the complex industry-particular laws, with the various types of authorization required on relying upon the nature of the labor, would need more prominent government assets for keeping in mind the end goal to police in the limits between various classifications. Unpredictability may likewise be the result of sorted out interests pushing for extraordinary exclusions, as opposed to a precise thought of confirmation and the government strategy needs (Papademetriou, and Sumption, 2011, p. 18). Australia's migration framework is in danger of losing most public certainty, undermining its long-running achievements. The administration needs to roll out some strategy improvements to put those transient laborers and the managers back on level with balance. The successful campaign by the EU Brexit to leave the European Union it shows the outcomes of neglecting to oversee the public's impression of migration legitimately. Changes to the United Kingdom's movement strategy were delivering some financial advantages to the country and also assisting in filling the gaps of United Kingdom's labor market. In any case, the rivals effectively faulted the EU's free relocation of the labor for expanded migration and different financial and social issues in the whole country of Australia (McNeil, 2017, p. 10). Australia's circumstance is extraordinary, yet there is little control on the businesses who enlist transient laborers, mainly they brief visa holders who are regularly defenseless to be abused. It is serving to minimize the transients in the labor market and more extensive society. Substantial admissions of economic settlers have not prompted a significant political change in Australia. Anti-immigration movements who have neglected to build up continuous impact to the country of Australias. The Coalition and the Labor have bolstered great economic movement approach for a significant part of the post-war time (Hugo, 2006, p. 129). The effect of economic movement on Australia's populace, economy, and the labor market is incomparable to other countries in the whole world. Since 1945, settlers and their close relatives have represented over half portion of the country's populace growth. Australia's movement arrangements have changed altogether as of late. They have moved progressively towards temporary migration in the country, concentrated on highly skilled labor individuals, the available working occasion and also the worldwide understudy visas in the country (Hawthorne, 2010, p.22). Working visas frameworks vary broadly in the simplicity within which specialists can qualify for perpetual settlement the nation. Stringent temporary work visa plans enable all the legislature to take care of the business demand for those employees in low-skilled enterprises without adding to the long haul inhabitant populace in the country. In any case, depending on the temporary pool of brief specialists can likewise bring high costs, as managers lose laborers they have to be prepared and groups get new vagrants who have not had the sufficient time to learn and study the local dialect skills and knowledge, as well as, the lack of the social connections needed (Ruhs, 2013, p. 9). Upholding the incidental quality of the projects applied can likewise be difficult to find out. Notwithstanding conditions appended to the job, many work visa frameworks require the specialists themselves to meet qualification criteria needed in work. Necessities incorporate dialect capability, and the skills, and experience, age confinements or nationality limitations. There are different reasons the governments may wish to force extra criteria. To begin with, to choose individuals who are probably going to work efficiently, especially that they will become noticeably qualified to settle permanently in the country. This is the most transparent method of reasoning for dialect necessities to enable everything. Besides, to guarantee consistency in the country, mainly to assure that the working title of the business is asking for is an exact impression of the real obligations in that place (McKay, 2017, p. 427). This approach has limits as well, in any case, since numerous occupations won't have particular formal capabilities prerequisites and imposing the top-down rule lessens bu sinesses caution to distinguish the most qualified applicants. Finally, to attract specific candidates and diminishing the managerial barriers to work one have to be committed to them with those candidates and also give them good time to stay peacefully while they are together. While temporary immigration denotes that Australia will depart from its legacy of urging migrants to settle permanently in the country and the stop migrating every time. This leads to many advantages due to these progressions as they are apparent and they hold a significant position in the budding the country of Australia. Financial immigrants have counterbalanced a maturing populace in the state of Australia, hence it has led to enhanced work efficiency in the country and also helping organizations to source abilities and knowledge which was hard to discover at short notice, and this tended to the necessities of territorial regions and ventures in the region. Joblessness among talented foreigners is unimportant because they have a tendency to be utilized in high-pay occupations and contribute more to government income through tax assessment than they take through public amenities and advantages which occur (Khoo, et al. 2007, p. 487). Similarly, as a persistent inflow of migrants in the country of Australia, it has facilitated Australia's transition from an assembling to a service economy; they will also assume a critical part in helping Australia's organizations to great developments even with heightened worldwide rivalry and mechanical change. Nevertheless, changes are expected to sustain the public support for managed movement admissions. In particular, large underpayment and abuse of vacation and also holiday workers and global understudies in the working environment must be tended to critically. Such issues have been uncovered universally (Gregory, 2014.p. 8). They may adversely affect Australia's competitive position in enterprises, for example, training and agriculture that depend vigorously on temporary vagrant specialists. Strategy changes, especially via robust authorization of controls, are expected to re-establish level playing fields for most business and those employees who work in those industries. Some visa systems can make transitory vagrant specialists end up noticeably subject to their managers as well. For instance, global understudies are required to work almost forty hours for every fortnight. Such small transgressions take place in global understudies in situations of potential permit cancellation and evacuation. Their inhabitant has their rights in the country, enrolment in the training sessions, and also work as they are subjected to bosses not sharing any ruptures of their visa conditions with the Department of Immigration and the protection of the border. Unless these and the different permit plan the make reliance on employers are settled, temporary vagrants will stay dreadful of looking for a change in their lives (Hollifield, Martin, and Orrenius, 2014, p. 6). Frail implementation of labor laws neglects to discourage corrupt managers from coming up with short ideas on and also abusing temporary vagrants and puts legitimate businesses at a competitive detriment in the other world. Aside from the ethical contemplations of global labor relocation in the country, it can likewise cause a lopsidedness of profoundly talented specialists on a worldwide scale. The term brain drain depicts the movement of skilled individuals from third world countries to more established nations in the world. The individuals who relocate see the capability of higher assessment of their aptitudes in the target nation. Also, they remove that potential of their origin country and they build other nations. As witnessed on account of Australia, exceptionally expert Indians were the fourth most grounded teams of vagrants in the year 2015-2016, though it cannot be determined whether it resulted in the unbalanced migration of labor as well. Later investigations delineate the situation of brain drain additionally, portraying the inverse stream of expert work. A balanced circulation of employment may be achieved if both movements existed. Nonetheless, it remains a reality for nations such as Aus tralia that the demand-driven immigration approach makes a particularity and a questioning perception of such labor migrations (Scheve, and Slaughter, 2001, p. 141). Consequently, the need for control over labor relocation has been an unmistakable topic out in the political and civil arguments. There are diverse methods for ensuring immigration control. Qualification criteria, for example, aptitudes prerequisites or business laws are the most well-known method for molding the nature and the size of the movement, and in numerous nations in the whole world, these criteria are the primary apparatuses the state administration utilizes. Another strategy device that shapes change is numerical targets. Quantitative points of confinement regularly have political interest as an instrument to exhibit and also control over the size of labor immigration all the more unequivocally (Abowd, and Freeman, 2007 p. 20). However, it raises some execution challenges, including what to do limits are reached. The legislature ought to choose criteria mirroring the kind of employments or individuals it accepts. It should also determine the qualifications for work visas. These requirements should typically not concede a similar number of individuals after some time. Subsequently, it will either need to quit issuing permits to generally qualified candidates or change the criteria where there is an over-subscription with a specific end goal to decrease the population of individuals who qualify (Collins, 2015 p. 4). The administration then will encounter a strain between its capacity-indicated qualification criteria and its capacity to determine fixed numbers of individuals to be conceded. Both of these could sensibly qualify as control yet they are hard to accomplish at the same time. In exercising control over international labor immigration in Australia, the state government could borrow some techniques from the Brexit campaign in the European Union. The post-Brexit strategy proposition included holding an essential standard of free development that Australian immigrants can settle in the Australia for work and their boss does not need to apply for a work visa though, with a few limitations. For instance, Australia laborers can be required to have a job lined up instead of migrating as a job seeker (Loc.gov. 2017). Practically speaking, it isn't sure whether this prerequisite would have a critical effect. It is accepted that Australia immigrants will hold the privilege to visit the Australia without a visa short periods. Second, there could be some numerical limit on the population of individuals who could work in Australia under free development, either forever or as a regulator amid times of exceptionally high immigration flows (Walsh, 2011, p. 871). Alternatively, labor immigration could include maintaining an open accessibility to labor markets for a few kinds of labor and not others. The justification of this proposition is to diminish the bureaucratic burden of work permit application in specific industries, for example, high-salary positions and researchers, while presenting more prohibitive principles for movement into fewer expertise occupations. It is likewise conceivable that such an approach could give a bargaining opportunity in international negotiations for Australia and its trading partners. However, it withdraws fundamentally from the standard of free movement which includes no confinements on the kind of job performed (Gray, 2016, p. 8). Nonetheless, a framework like this would require paperwork for the general population who kept on profiting from open access to the job market. Thus, this cross-breed model of free immigration partiality may require some enrollment, yet a significantly less complex one than under an ordinary work visa framework. For instance, managers may need to become an enrolled backer and be liable to consistency checks. Consistency challenges may emerge if qualification for visa-free work was constructed not on compensation but rather on occupation or industrial segment. Moreover, a wide range of jobs will not be arranged efficiently into professions or sectors. This model does not allow freedom in its present shape, notwithstanding for qualified laborers and businesses (Sloan, 2017, p. 6). The procedure would probably include many fewer qualification necessities than a standard work visa framework. There are challenging operational inquiries regarding the planning of strategy changes. Explicitly, the administration should guarantee that before any new work visa framework gets presented, the essential approach regulation and visa-preparing staff are set up. On the off chance that relocation strategies wind up assuming a noteworthy part in Australian arrangements, it might be hard to create and counsel on the essential standards and procedures long ahead of time bringing up the issue whether transitional tenets will be required. There could likewise be a part of interim immigration rules for different reasons, for example, to enable managers to adapt to the critical change that closing permanent and free labor relocation would bring (Antecol, Cobb-Clark, and Trejo, 2003, p. 199). The operational unpredictability of presenting an entirely new framework could get intensified by the extensive scale issue of processing. Nonetheless, the law endeavors to keep impermanent and perpetual frameworks isolate by requiring transitory visa candidates to show that they don't mean to relinquish their origination nations and remain permanently in Australia. In any case, there is an extending number of transitory visas now go about as a specific channel into the lasting movement because of late authoritative changes that excluded specific classifications of temporary visa candidates from demonstrating their purpose to come back to their nation of origin (Argent, and Tonts, 2015, p. 148). The expanding dependence on these temporary permits to make up for the absence of adaptability in the permanent movement framework particularly in the region of job markets. Where Australian businesses are taking care of the developing demand for remote specialists through transitory relocation courses that are quicker, more productive, and more unsurprising than choices offered through the perpetual framework has prompted the r ise of another transitional arrangement of affirmations that is neither changeless nor impermanent (Batalova, 2006, p. 5). The immigration office in Australia announced the 457 visas reduction in the time spent in Australia. This period was reduced from Ninety days to sixty, demanding that immigrants with temporary visas should leave the country after the new era enforced (Workpermit.com. 2017). This announcement is among many other that will follow as the government sought to transform the immigration process. Among those who will be affected are the employers whove spent time and resources to train these temporary workers. Besides, the rotating pool of temporary workers provides less qualified applicants thus the companies are in a cyclic training motion. Nevertheless, these trends in the international labor migration in Australia have benefits (Karp, 2017, p. 3). The significant benefits of the patterns include increased lobbying for finances and fair treatment by the government, proper establishment of labor relation policies and regulations, and increased attention to labor concerns by the Australia n government. In a global perspective, they ensure that international balance of labor movement is maintained. It eliminates issues of brain drain and restores balance. However, ethical considerations in these temporary visas are becoming a significant concern. Failure to address the problems that exist could topple over Australias competitive standpoint in the international labor market. By extension, it would translate to foreigners avoiding to work in Australia due to the exploitative nature of employers in the country. All in all, the temporary labor immigration framework has solved most of the international labor immigration controversial debates. It still needs polishing by the Australian government. Therefore, the proper balancing of labor movement should be encouraged in Australia in order to restore brain drain balance, resolution of global labor conflicting debates, and the establishment of a great foundation for translating labor policies to the international players in the country. Bibliography Abowd, J.M., and Freeman, R.B. eds., 2007. Immigration, trade, and the labor market. University of Chicago Press. Antecol, H., Cobb-Clark, D.A., and Trejo, S.J., 2003. Immigration policy and the skills of immigrants to Australia, Canada, and the United States. Journal of Human Resources, 38(1), pp.192-218. Argent, N. and Tonts, M., 2015. A multicultural and multifunctional countryside? International labor migration and Australia's productivist heartlands. Population, Space, and Place, 21(2), pp.140-156. Batalova, J., 2006. The Growing Connection Between Temporary and Permanent Immigration Systems. Washington, DC Migration Policy Institute, Independent Task Force on Immigration and Americas Future, MPI Insight, (14). Carr, S.C., Inkson, K. and Thorn, K., 2005. From global careers to talent flow: Reinterpreting brain drain. Journal of World Business, 40(4), pp.386-398. Carson, D., 2011. Skilled Labour Migration Flows to Australia's Northern Territory 2001-2006: Beyond Periphery?. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 14(1), p.15. Collins, J. 2015. The report gives green light to Australia's immigration program with some exceptions. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/report-gives-green-light-to-australias-immigration-program-with-some-exceptions-50661 [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Gray, D. 2016. Australia is at risk of losing migrants who are vital to the health of our economy. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/australia-is-at-risk-of-losing-migrants-who-are-vital-to-the-health-of-our-economy-67455 [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Gregory, R., 2014. The two-step Australian immigration policy and its impact on immigrant employment outcomes. Hawthorne, L., 2010. How valuable is two-step migration? Labor market outcomes for international student migrants to Australia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 19(1), pp.5-36. Hollifield, J., Martin, P. and Orrenius, P., 2014. Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press. Hugo, G., 2006. Globalization and changes in Australian international migration. Journal of Population Research, 23(2), pp.107-134. Karp, P. 2017. Australian government to replace 457 temporary work visa. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/apr/18/australian-government-abolish-457-temporary-work-visa [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Khoo, S.E., McDonald, P., Voigt?Graf, C. and Hugo, G., 2007. A global labor market: Factors motivating the sponsorship and temporary migration of skilled workers to Australia. International Migration Review, 41(2), pp.480-510. Loc.gov. 2017. Points-Based Immigration Systems: Australia | Law Library of Congress. [online] Available at: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/points-based-immigration/australia.php [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Maria Kuke, L. 2017. Skilled labor migration in Australia. [online] ICRP. Available at: https://culturalrelations.org/skilled-labour-migration-in-australia/ [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. McKay, S., 2017. Temporary Labour Migration in the Global Era: The Regulatory Challenges, edited by Joanna Howe and Rosemary Owens. Oati International Series in Law and Society, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2016, 427 pp., ISBN: 978 1 50990 628 4, $94.99, hardback. McNeil, R. 2017. Labour Immigration after Brexit: Trade-offs and Questions about Policy Design - Migration Observatory. [online] Migration Observatory. Available at: https://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/reports/labour-immigration-brexit-trade-offs-questions-policy-design/ [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Papademetriou, D.G. and Sumption, M., 2011. Rethinking points systems and employer-selected immigration. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute. Ruhs, M., 2013. The price of rights: Regulating international labor migration. Princeton University Press. Scheve, K.F., and Slaughter, M.J., 2001. Labor market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. The review of economics and statistics, 83(1), pp.133-145. Sloan, J. 2017. Discussion we need to have. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/judith-sloan/temporary-work-visas-debate-is-one-we-need-to-have/news-story/f36908a77b054536e5903bb5608994ac [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Walsh, J.P., 2011. Quantifying citizens: Neoliberal restructuring and immigrant selection in Canada and Australia. Citizenship Studies, 15(6-7), pp.861-879. Workpermit.com. 2017. Australian Temporary Work Skilled 457 visa. [online] Available at: https://www.workpermit.com/immigration/australia/australian-temporary-work-skilled-457-visa [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017].

Nurse caring paper Essay Example

Nurse caring paper Essay Examples of three different articles were compared and contrasted, all studying the concept of raring in nursing with different approaches to understand this concept more deeply, and find both similar and differing themes in their conclusions. The first of these three articles, Descriptions of Caring Uncovered in Students Baccalaureate Program Admission Essays, is by Judith J. Sadler in the International Journal for Human Caring. This article is unique amongst the 3 that are being compared in that since they are statements written by those who are not yet nurses, they represent conjecture of what these would-be nurses think nurse caring looks like, rather than actual experiences that have occurred (Sadler, 2004). Its method was extracting themes from the 250-300 word essays that 302 applicants wrote for application into a BBS program. This made its central question to ask what did the applicants who wish to become nurses perceive the qualities of a good nurse to be. The central theme of these admission essays emerged as identifying compassion as a characteristic of a good nurse; while breaking down the attributes of a nurse further into the five sub- categories of Multidimensional work, Creative process of using presence, Holistic injection, and Individually and socially defined. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse caring paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse caring paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse caring paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The best part of this kind of study seemed to be that although these students definitions were ignorant of what it is like to actually be a nurse, their idealism about nurse caring without the knowledge of the balance of time constraints and the desire to be perceived as a good nurse was what shone through. The second article considered, The Little Extra That Alleviates Suffering by Maria Raman and Earn Reinserted was published in Nursing Ethics. This study was also unique in that it examined verbal interactions between both racing nurses to their patients, and also between clinical nursing students and their patients. Its method was a hermeneutic method, assuming the theoretical perspective of creative caring and ethics of understanding life. A central theme that was found in this study was that the caregivers offering the little extra were able to offer more caring than the ideal nursing model perspective, in that the patients were being truly seen in this interaction as a fellow human being, deserving of caring and ultimately respect of their humanity (Raman Reinserted, 2007). It goes on to be able to recognize what this looks like in a clinical setting, identified by verbal or non- verbal willingness to go beyond the bare minimum of Just fulfilling the necessary required tasks of the Job of a nurse, which resulted in the patient feeling that the caregiver cared about them as a person. My general impression of these nurses in this study is the ones with the demonstrated desire to show their patients that they were willing to do more, were the ones the study authors identified as caring nurses. The third and final article examining caring in nursing, Beyond empathy: expanding expressions of caring by Janice Morse in the Journal of Advanced Nursing. Unlike the first two, this study only examined the actual working and licensed nurses who were already done being nursing students, and therefore had more actual real world knowledge of what nurse caring is like after the nursing textbooks and idyllic nursing theories are but a past memory. This study examines nurse caring by describing nurse responses to patients who are suffering, and the ruses level of engagement was largely classified by the author by whether the caregiver is focused on him or herself or the patient, and whether the caregiver responded reflexively or with a learned response. The method for this study centered around examining the nurses response to their patients suffering in an alternative communication model, which sorts these responses into the four quadrants of patient-focused, self-focused (self being defined as the caregivers own self), first- level or reflexive or natural responses, and second-level Learned responses. It was interesting to read this authors take on the caregiver focusing on their own or their patients feelings largely determined their perceived level of caring; and that the least caring response was a learned professional response, but was considered to be seemingly almost cold when the caregiver was self-focused on their own feelings on the patients suffering instead of the patients own feelings. In each of these 3 articles, a common theme that runs between each of them is that the caring nurse is considered to be synonymous with a good nurse, which each of the participants whether aspiring-nursing student, actual nursing student, or an actual practicing nurse desired to be. They are each different in the groups of caregivers studied, from idyllic nursing-student hopeful, to clinical nurse, and to practicing nurse. With each of the articles and caregiver populations, it seemed to be a foregone conclusion that each of these levels of nurses had the end desire to be a caring nurse, as opposed to treating it as a decision that a nurse had to think over the merit of being a caring nurse or not.

Big Lion Small Cage essays

Big Lion Small Cage essays South African Breweries dominates its home market, because the firm is capable of meeting the markets abnormal demand. Several foreign companies have tried to enter the market, but failed because of SABs low-price strategy. It has increased productivity by cutting 7.000 jobs in the past ten years and by hard negotiations with the inflexible trade unions. Despite rough roads and bad electricity supply, SABs distribution net is highly developed and refrigerators and/or generators are put at its distributors disposal. Most of the beer in South Africa is sold via unlicensed pubs, called shebeens. Although they are illegal, SAB supplies them with alcohol through wholesalers. To compete successfully with SAB, foreign investors would have to build big breweries and to set up competitive distribution channels. But the market is growing too slowly to be worth the money. As scope for expansion is limited in South Africa, the brewery has started to acquire competitiors in the rest of Africa, Central and Eastern Europe and in China. Although it is the worlds fith-largest brewery by volume, it hasnt yet succeed in turning into a global player with global brands. SAB tried to enter the first-world-beer-market by acquiring a British brewing group but failed at the price. Because buying a brewery involves many bidders, brands, already established in the market, can offer a higher price, for the chance to swallow a competitor. One opportunity to enter the global market is sill left over: to be a takeover target itself. ...

Meet the Xenarthrans - Armadillos, Sloths, and Anteaters

Meet the Xenarthrans - Armadillos, Sloths, and Anteaters Armadillos, sloths, and anteaters, also known as xenarthrans (Greek for strange joints), can be distinguished from other mammals by (among other things) the unique joints in their backbones that endow them with the strength and support they need to pursue their climbing or burrowing lifestyles. These mammals are also characterized by their extremely few (or even no teeth), their relatively small brains, and (in males) their internal testicles. As youll know if youve ever seen a sloth in action, xenarthrans are also some of the slowest mammals on earth; they are technically warm-blooded, like other mammals, but their physiologies arent nearly as robust as those of dogs, cats or cows. Xenarthrans are an ancient group of placental mammals that once roamed across the expanse of Gondwana, before this giant continent of the southern hemisphere split up to form South America, Africa, India, Arabia, New Zealand, and Australia. The ancestors of modern armadillos, sloths and anteaters were initially isolated on the newborn continent of South America, but in the ensuing millions of years spread northward into areas of Central America and southern parts of North America. Although xenarthrans didnt make it into Africa, Asia, and Australia, these regions are home to unrelated mammals (like aardvarks and pangolins) that evolved the same general body plans, a classic example of convergent evolution. One little-known fact about xenarthrans is that they were prone to gigantism during the Cenozoic Era, at a time when many mammals achieved dinosaur-like sizes thanks to temperate climates and an abundance of food. Glyptodon, also known as the Giant Anteater, could weigh up to two tons, and its hollowed-out shells were sometimes used by the early human inhabitants of South America to shelter from the rain, while the giant sloths Megatherium and Megalonyx were about the size of the largest bears on earth today! There are about 50 species of xenarthrans extant today, ranging from the screaming hairy armadillo of South America to the pygmy three-toed sloth of the Panamanian coast. Classification of Xenarthrans Armadillos, sloths, and anteaters are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Armadillos, sloths and anteaters In addition, armadillos, sloths, and anteaters are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Anteaters and sloths (Pilosa)Armadillos (Cingulata)

Current Trends in Chemotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumor Essay

Current Trends in Chemotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumor - Essay Example Due to this, medical professionals have designed alternative chemotherapy treatments that seek to address the side effects generated by the standard chemotherapy and improve the overall health of the pediatric patients. However, the effectiveness of the new trends such as metronomic therapy, circumventing the blood-brain barrier, and application of Bevacizumab monotherapy, raises interesting questions such as whether they can effectively handle the challenge of eliminating malignancies without posing greater threats to pediatric patients. Additionally, since the new methods are under experimental trials, their future is dependent on their efficacy, which has not yet been established. Cancer is one of the biggest challenges facing health care on a global basis. The impact of controlling the disease has affected the world economy. The American Cancer Society report that the annual costs of cancer in 2009 were estimated to be over $216.6 billion where $86.6 billion was spent on direct medical costs whereas $130 billion was spent on indirect mortality. The American Cancer Society indicates that over 1,600 people die each day due to cancer complications. Brain tumor is the second most common cancer and the most frequent solid tumor in childhood, which account for 4.3 cases per 100,000 in the US (Gottardo & Gajjar, 2008). This paper will conduct an in-depth analysis of cancer in pediatric patients, giving special focus to brain tumors and the emerging chemotherapy treatment trends being administered to fight cancer in pediatric patients. According to Cabrera and Schub (2014), the most common brain neoplasms in children, and medulloblastoma, which account for 20-30% of all brain tumors in pediatric population. Although childhood cancer is relatively uncommon, the disease is still a persistent issue among the cancer patients it affects. Childhood Cancer states that Cancer is the second leading

Egypt's culture Effects on the facade of theAbu Simbel Temple in 12th Research Paper

Egypt's culture Effects on the facade of theAbu Simbel Temple in 12th Century to 15th Century - Research Paper Example The main aim of erecting this temple was basically for impressing the southern neighbors in the southern part of Egypt and also maintaining and reinforcing the religion of the Egyptians. The Egyptian culture was a main influence to this temple. This can be seen from the fact that all the architectural structure that came out Abu Simbel was linked to the cultural context of the Egyptians. This paper will therefore, describe the architectural structure of this temple and how the culture of the Egyptians affected its facade between the 12th to the 15th century through a description of the sculptures and their meanings (Bulliet et al 59). The architectural structure of the temple The architecture of this temple was mainly built with the commemoration of the reigning king of Egypt during this period. It is made up of the pharaoh’s statue that is twenty meters in length containing a double and Atef crown of both the lower and the Upper Egypt. The temple is thirty five meters wide an d at the top, it contains those who worship the sun at the entrance and twenty two baboons. The statues that are colossal in nature were sculptured from the rock directly, a place where the temple existed before it being moved (Langmead et al 23). The statues have been curved to portray the power of the Ramesses II who sits on the throne and is wearing crown that is double in nature hence, the impact that he is the ruler of both the lower and the Upper Egypt. Next to the statue depicting pharaoh, there are the statues that have been made not to go higher than the pharaoh’s knees. These are the statues that were used to depict the wife of pharaoh, the mother queen and the first two sons of pharaoh and his six daughters (Langmead et al 23). At the entrance of the temple, there exists bas relief that is meant to represent two images that portray the king worshipping Ra Harakhti, falcon headed. Ra Harakhti statue is presented in a large niche. The statue of the god holds a feathe r found in the right hand and the goddess who is believed to be the in charge of justice and truth. This facade has at its top twenty two baboons in a row having their arms raised up in the air. This is a sign of these baboons worshipping the sun rising up. In addition, there is a notable feature of the stele facade which indicates the marriage of Ramesses in relationship to the king’s daughters. This is a sign of sealing of peace amongst the Hittites and the Egyptians (Langmead et al 23). At the inside of the temple, there exists a triangular layout that up to date; most of the temples in Egypt have followed. The structure of the rooms has been made to decrease in size as one enters the entrance into the sanctuary. The temple has many chambers at its sides hence, the complexity. The hypostyle hall is eighteen meters lengthwise and has a width of sixteen meters. It is supported by Osiris pillars that are eight in number and these pillars depict the Ramses relationship with th e god of underworld. This has been used to demonstrate that, the pharaoh has an everlasting nature (Lazzari et al 385). At the left hand of the wall, there exists a statue with a white crown, which is depicting the upper part of Egypt, while the statues at the opposite side have double crown which have been used to demonstrate the double crown that the Lower Egypt has. The bas reliefs found to be located on the walls have

Dickens skill Essay Example for Free

Dickens skill Essay Dickens skill is especially shown in his creation of Magwitch. Discuss the convicts importance both as a key figure in Pips life and as a means of criticising society. Dickens uses his skill to make the reader believe that Magwitch is an evil person at the beginning of the novel. Dickens describes Magwitch as seen through a childs eye, which is Pip. The first image of Magwitch is exaggerated because of a childs imagination and terror. Dickens uses sounds and smells to remember people. For example Jaggers always smells of scented soap after court and when Magwitch is emotional there is a click in his throat. Although these are minor details we recognise people quicker. At the beginning of the novel we associate Magwitch with animal and beast like manners. This is because the first impression of Magwitch through the young Pip and then the hunt for Magwitch by the soldiers. In chapter 28 while Pip is travelling to Satis House he hears a conversation between two convicts who are being transported by coach under guard. Here the convicts are described as a most disagreeable and degraded spectacle. Dickens uses words like growling to covey the impression that these convicts are animal like. Dickens describes the convicts as, Then they both laughed, and began cracking nuts, and spitting the shells about. Dickens is making the point that if you treat some one like animals then they will act like animals. This shows how convicts were treated in society and Magwitch was also a convict. The ship that Magwitch boarded was ironically called Noahs Ark. This is where animals boarded in biblical time. Magwitchs true personality slowly shows through the novel. For example in chapter 5 Magwitch tells Joe that he stole his pie and file. Magwitch even apologises to Joe when he says, Then Im sorry to say, Ive eat your pie. Joe replies with a compassion answer saying, we wouldnt have let you starved to death for it would us Pip? Then Magwitch throat clicks. Here I think that this shows the two real gentlemen of the story. Although their grammar is not the best one shows remorse and guilt and the other shows compassion. I am very surprised when Magwitch says he stole the file and pie. This is because firstly he did not do it he only said this to divert suspicion from Pip, a boy he never really knew. Secondly in Victoria time people could be hanged for stealing and this shows that Magwitch is a very selfless person. In the most influencing chapter of the novel, chapter 39 where Magwitch returns Pip life changes. Magwitchs arrival has mixed feelings and mixed blessings. Here we find out that Magwitch is Pip benefactor and Pip feels revulsion and disgust, which is also shared by us the readers, that his expectations have been paid for by a convict. This is when Pip realises that he never had any Great Expectations, that Estella and Satis House were never intended for him and Miss Havisham was never his benefactress. In the chapter we now see Magwitch through an adults eye where he does not seem violence or evil. Pip uses words like I shuddered, abhorrence, dread and repugnance in this chapter but soon later change. Dickens skill is shown through this book very well because although Magwitch is one of the most important characters he disappears for a long time in the book. Magwitch is a key character in the novel to unveiling all of the mysterious in it. There is a gradual uncovering a denouement by him in chapter 42 called Compeyson. We find out a lot about Magwitchs heritage that he was born poor and that he had no family. Magwitch talks of his first memories as a young child he says, I first become aware of myself A thieving turnips for my living. Someone had run away from me and hed took the fire with him and left me very cold. This shows how society has neglected orphans his first memories is of stealing and being betrayal. Magwitch talks about his trial where Compeyson got 7 years and Magwitch got 14 years. Compeyson got half the sentence because, First of all what a gentleman Compeyson looked with his curly hair and black clothes and his white pocket handkerchief and what a common sort of wretch I (Magwitch) looked. Magwitch said that he had given up all hope when he said, I was hiding among the graves there envying them as was in them. This definitely shows how poor people and convicts were treated that society did not look after them and that these people felt no sense of place or belonging n the world. Dickens uses this chapter to show the inadequacy in the legal system and also that there is a lot wrong with society. Magwitch was not legally married to Molly but only married over the broomstick this shows that there is no legal marriage or protection for the poor. I think that society is using Magwitch, as a scapegoat so that they can charge him for crimes he did not commit so they can feel better about their society thinking it is safer. Whereas the real criminals in the novel are free, for example Compeyson a forger, Orlick a murderer and Drummle a wife beater. Magwitch clearly has an impact in Pip life for good and bad reasons. If Pip had never met Magwitch he would still live at the forge with Joe and probably in the future married Biddy. So basically Magwitch seems to have ruined Pips life. Although Magwitch does more harm then good he does not do it intentionally whereas Miss Havisham did. I think Miss Havisham is, in a way, a victim because she was left at the altar on her wedding day and cuts herself off from society. Miss Havisham got her revenge on men, which was Pip through Estella but later regrets what she has done. Although Miss Havisham has ruined his life he can still forgive her. I think Pip forgives her because although Miss Havisham is eccentric he has learnt that there can be another side to a person. I think that Pip found this out when looking after Magwitch first he is repulsed and now he loves and pity him. Magwitch brings out the good qualities in Pip he is his moral educator. For example Pip looks after Magwitch but does not take any more money off him. Here Dickens is idealising Pip through Magwitch. At the beginning of the novel Pip was child but now Magwitch has become the child because he needs looking after. From the part of the novel when Pip is with Magwitch he grows morally. He learns that a gentleman is not just a good education, wealth and stature it is about self-sacrifice, loyalty and compassion. Pip even risks his life for Magwitch when there is a note saying someone has news on Magwitch. Pip goes straight away even with an injured arm and there he finds it to be a trap that it is Orlick who tries to kill him. He learns the great value of friendship and he buys Herbert branch of Clarrikers business. I think Pip does this because he feels guilty for getting Herbert into debt in the first place. Not only did Pip feels pity for Magwitch when he is dying so did Jaggers. For example Jaggers tries to push back Magwitchs trial date back so he can die in peace but it fails. This is shown when it says, Mr Jaggers caused an application to be made for the postponement of his trial. Again Dickens makes a point about the legal system when he says, The trial was very short and very clear. Basically Dickens is criticising how he poor were judged in court; it was guilty until proven innocent for them. At Magwitchs trial he is condemned to death and he says, My Lord, I have received my sentence of Death from the Almighty, but I bow to yours. Magwitch says this in the most elegance way and shows his courage in accepting his death sentence. By the time of his trial and death he has acquired a dignity which did not seem to be evident when he was the animal which glared and growled and frightened Pip half to death at the beginning of the novel.

Biological Attack Essay -- essays research papers

Biological Attack   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Living Terrors by Michael T. Osterholm and John Schwartz, the threat of biological attack on the United States is introduced to the public. Using Living Terrors and a number of sources that are extremely knowledgeable on the question of preparedness of the United States to a biological attack, I will argue that the United States is in no way prepared to handle a biological attack on its soil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are all considered weapons of mass destruction. However, unlike chemical or nuclear weapons, biological weapons combine maximum destructiveness and easy availability. According to Richard Betts, â€Å"nuclear arms have great killing capacity but are hard to get; chemical weapons are easy to get but lack such killing capacity; biological agents have both qualities† (9). In 1993, a study by the Office of Technology Assessment concluded that â€Å"a single airplane delivering 100 kilograms of anthrax spores by aerosol on a clear, calm night over Washington D.C., could kill up to 1 to 3 million people in a three hundred square mile area surrounding Washington D.C.† (Osterholm and Schwartz 9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biological weapons are a dangerous threat to the United States. According to Eric Noji, associate director of bioterrorism preparedness for the Center for Disease Control, â€Å"the threat of chemical and biological intentional releases is a clear and present danger† (Fialka et al B1). However, there is evidence that the United States is not taking the threat of a biological attack seriously. The investigating branch of Congress named the General Accounting Office or GAO, â€Å"charged that the government has failed to properly manage the medical stockpiles developed to protect the public from the scourge of potentially devastating biological weapons† (Cohen M2). Lack of Government funding against a biological attack is also evidence that the United States is not taking the threat of bioterrorism seriously. Mohammad N. Akhter, who is the executive director of the American Public Health Association, was quoted as saying that he â€Å"barely had the budget to deal adequately with a severe outbreak of the flu, let alone contain a smallpox epidemic† (A23). In the fiscal year of 2000: The Department of Health and Human Services received $238 million out of a ... ... C. Byrd has claimed that Mr. Thompson’s comments on 60 minutes â€Å"were not credible --- especially in light of Thompson’s request for nearly $1 billion in emergency anti-terrorism projects† (Connolly A29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Osterholm, Michael T, Ph.D., M.P.H., and John Schwartz. Living Terrors. New York: Delacorte Press, 2000. Betts, Richard K. â€Å"Biological Weapons Are a Serious Threat.† Biological and Chemical Weapons. Ed. David M. Haugen. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 7. Cohen, Stephen L. â€Å"The Nation/Medicine; U.S. a sitting Duck for Bioterrorism.† Los Angeles Times 27 February 2000: M2. Fialka, John, Marilyn Chase, Neil King and Ron Winslow. â€Å"Are We   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prepared for the Unthinkable? --- Officials Fear U.S. Ill-Equipped To Cope With Biological Or Chemical Terrorism.† Wall Street   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal 18 September 2001: B1. Akhter, Mohammad. â€Å"Bioterrorism: How Unready We Are.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington Post 10 October: A23. Connolly, Ceci. â€Å"Senators Criticize HHS Chief On Readiness; Bio-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Terrorism Comments ‘Will Not Really Help’.† Washington Post 4 October 2001: A29.

English Essay

Culture polity, traditions, language, food, costume, belief system, architecture, arts, craft, music, dance, and sports which will be discussed in this article to give you an indication of Fiji’s indigenous community but also the various communities which make up Fiji as a modern culture and living. The indigenous culture is an active and living part of everyday life for the majority of the population. However, it has evolved with the introduction of vibrant and old cultures including Indian, Chinese and European culture, and various cultures from the Pacific neighbors of Fiji; in particular the Tongan and Rotuman cultures. The culture of Fiji, including language, has created a unique communal and national identity. Tradition and hierarchy Fijian indigenous society is very communal, with great importance attached to the family unit, the village, and the vanua (land). [1] A hierarchy of chiefs presides over villages, clans, and tribes. Chiefly positions are hereditary; a deceased chief is invariably followed by a kinsman or kinswoman, though not necessarily his own son or daughter. This reflects Polynesian influence: in most other Melanesian societies, chiefs are appointed on merit. The largest social unit for Fijians is the Yavusa, defined by R. A. Derrick as the â€Å"direct agnate descendants of a single kalou-vu† (deified ancestor). Chiefly succession was from older brother/sister to younger brother/sister, after the death of their father/mother. When the youngest brother/sister died, the eldest son/daughter of the eldest brother/sister became chief. This tradition still influences Fijian society today, though less rigidly: there is more of a tendency nowadays towards primogeniture. [2][3] Each brother/sister in the family then formed his own branch of the yavusa, called the Mataqali. Each mataqali became the custodian of a specific task. A fully developed Yavusa has several mataqali: * Turaga: This mataqali descends from the original ancestor through primogeniture – inheritance of the eldest son in each succeeding generation. The chief of a village is always chosen from the Turaga mataqali. [1][4] * Sauturaga: These are next in rank to the chiefs, support him, and enforce his commands and also have final say in the installation of a Chief[1] * Mata ni vanua: These form the official heralds of the village. They are also in charge of ceremonial functions. [5] * Bete: This was the traditional priestly class. The kalou-vu was believed to speak through the Bete. [1][6] * Bati: This mataqali forms the traditional warrior class. [6] * Dau (skill) and Matai: these are the crafts people and specialized skilled people of the tribe e. g. Dau ni vucu (Poet/choreographer/composer), Dau ni yau (treasurer), Mataisau (carpenter/or Canoe builder)[1] The mataqali are subdivided into Tokatoka, each comprising closely related families. Several mataqali comprise a village, several of which form a yavusa or district. The British colonial rulers amalgamated the districts into Yasana, or Provinces. The districts also form three Matanitu, or Confederacies. These are often said to be agglomerations of provinces, but as the latter were a colonial imposition, the boundaries do not coincide exactly, and the Provinces of Tailevu, Ra, Naitasiri, Lomaiviti and parts of Yasawa and Ba makes the Kubuna Confederacy. This Confederacy in modern Fiji is considered to be the most senior. The other two are Burebasaga (covering the rest of Viti Levu), and Tovata, covering Vanua Levu, Lau archipelago and Rotuma. Despite its isolation and relatively small size, Tovata has been politically dominant since Fiji gained its independence in 1970. Language The official language is English while the national indigenous language is Bauan which is only one of the many dialects that exist in the Fiji Group, each of the fourteen provinces more or less have their own dialect though there is a clear distinction between the dialects of the West, Central and Eastern parts of the country. Other languages spoken in the country are Fiji Hindi, Cantonese, Rotuman, Gilbertese (Rabi Island), and Tuvaluan (Kioa Island). The Fiji Islands are traditionally linked to their island neighbours Rotuma, Tonga and Samoa, and this is evident in the culture and dialects of the Northern and Eastern provinces being Cakaudrove, Bua, Macuata, and Lau. The many dialects spoken in these four provinces consistently use sounds that are heard in Tongan and Samoan, but not so with dialects from the Western and South Western parts of Fiji. The Fijian language uses a Latin alphabet. However, the Fijian alphabet is dissimilar from the English alphabet. Fiji English The existence of many dialects within the Fijian language as well as exposure to the other languages spoken have contributed to many Fiji Islanders being bilingual. For general communication in an informal environment, a very interesting cross use of the languages has developed, resulting in slang now commonly referred to as Fiji English. In formal settings, of course, correct usage is adhered to. Fiji English comprises aspects of Fijian, English and Hindi, which reflects the history and identity of the people of Fiji. Fiji English is non-rhotic. . Cultural arts and social polity In culture, its various crafts and music give it an identity along with it traditional etiquette and varying forms of clothing attire, its unique architecture also tells a story of a culture and its evolution, the following will discuss these aspects of culture in Fiji. Arts and crafts Fiji’s arts and crafts reflect local adaptations of their Polynesian and Melanesian heritage. By tradition, the men’s and women’s crafts are separate. Women’s crafts The village of Na lotu on Kadavu Island is famous for its pottery, the making of which is still governed by strict rituals. Nadroga and Rewa also produce fine pottery. Each region has its own unique style in the making of pottery. Tapa from the Lau Islands in Fiji. The making of Tapa cloth, or (masi), is another craft associated with women. Tapa is made from the bark of the paper mulberry tree and decorated in charcoal with symbolic motifs and various patterns. In modern times, it has become fashionable for a masi to bear the name of the person who made it. Masi are often exchanged as gifts on formal occasions. The island of Vatuelele of the southern coast of Viti Levu is famous for its masi products. Most Fijian mats are made from the leaves of the pandanus tree. The long process of preparation includes scraping and boiling the leaves, and drying them in the sun. There are different mats used for different occasions, and some are made as gifts for formal occasions such as weddings. Most mats are bordered with highly decorative and brightly coloured wool. One well-known Fijian mat is the kuta, made by women in Vanua Levu, particularly Bua. Weaving using various materials was another craft generally mastered by the women but also aspects of weaving were mastered only by the men, various types of weaving practiced were and still are; basket weaving, coconut rope weaving, and coconut leaves weaving. Men’s crafts Carving was practiced by the men; carving would be used for items of practical use and simple shapes and design were used. A lot of effort was put into well adorned weapons and items for the home and ceremony, today carving is practiced for its use in tourism and no longer plays a major role in Fijian society and life except in the case of the Tanoa used from drinking Kava. Drua, the most impressive Fijian canoe. Canoe Building was another art practiced only by the men, canoes were not only the major form of communication, but were important in all aspects of Fijian society, from the gathering of food and transporting of crops to use in presentation ceremonies and they were instrumental in wars and politics which were rife in Fiji. 9] The art of Canoe building was varied across the group and had several different types but of a similar design, the Camakau was a small twin hulled canoe for fishing or small transportation purposes, the most impressive of Canoes in Fiji were that of the Drua. In Fiji’s early history before European involvement, Control of the seaway was a major and decisive objective ; disrupting or cutting off the enemies supply and reinforcements gave great advantage in battle and would ensure victory. Sea battles involving hundreds of canoes were frequent. The canoe, which inspired fear and awe and so often held the balance was the mighty Drua. One of the most elaborate and beautiful artifacts of Oceania, the Drua was a product of considerable group efforts and human sacrifice. Double hulled and of gigantic proportions, the Drua was a masterpiece of design and craftsmanship, requiring total community involvement in its construction and human sacrifice in its launching. 10] Its speed out at sea would be in excess of twenty knots and still remained highly manoeuvrable, it was capable of carrying upward of 150 warriors and took some 6 to 7 years to build and would vary in length from 100 feet to 118 feet and have a mast height of 60 to 70 feet, in the mid-19th century the following accounts were recorded: â€Å"Up went the huge sail, down went the great steering oars, splashing into the sea, and away we shot like a racehorse. Owing to the great rate at which we were going, the sea was like a hissing cauldron on either side of our course, and the vessel, instead of having time to mount over the smaller waves, cut its way through them. † (West, 1869). â€Å"It had a magnificent appearance with its immense sail of white mats; its velocity was almost inconceivable. † (Wilkes, 1840). Ratu Seru Cakobau commanded an impressive fleet which had Several Drua with armed warriors ready for battle the led Canoe was named ‘Rusi I Vanua’ or ‘Cursed is the land’. 11] Much of the art of Canoe building has been lost and only a small few still practice the art on a very small scale as its use in this modern era seems to have lost its place. The craft of Canoe building was traditionally reserved for the male. Performing arts Fijian Rugby Team Performing a Traditional War Dance before their Rugby encounter against Canada. The Meke An indigenous art form is the Meke, which may incorporate the seasea (women’s fan dance) or a meke wesi (men’s spear dance). It is usually a narrative of an important event such as a war, a chiefly installation, or even a scandal. Some mekes are generations old, and form an important part of Fiji’s oral history. In olden times, the meke was considered to be an oracle from the gods, and the Dau ni vucu, or composer, would often go into a trance before a performance. Others are modern, composed for a particular event, much as a poet laureate might write a poem to celebrate an event in a Western country. Each district of Fiji has its own form of meke, performed in the local dialect. Other forms of Polynesian and Melanesian dance art forms exist with most widely known being dances of Rotuma and Tonga. There are also various Indian dances and Chinese dances which are performed at relevant festivals marking important times for these communities which are now a part of Culture in Fiji. Music Music of Old Fiji consisted of various chants which often told a story or preserved information to be passed on from generation to generation, these songs used various traditional instruments. With the introduction of European and Asian cultures music in Fiji has evolved and songs sung in the Fijian vernacular are popular but so also are songs in Indian and English, some local artists mix all three languages and traditional instruments from each culture making for a very interesting musical experience. A distinct Indian sound has evolved in Fiji that some see as influencing modern Indian music and even jazz. Clothing and costume The traditional attire was loin cloths for men and grass skirts for women. Skirts were short for single women, and long for married women, with girls wearing virgin locks before marriage. Most ladies of rank had the lower parts of their bodies decorated with tattoos. Chiefs dressed more elaborately. Modern Fiji’s national dress is the sulu, which resembles a skirt. It is commonly worn by both men and women. One type worn by both men and women is the ‘Sulu va Taga’ pronounced Sulu vah Tanga which is a wrap around piece of rectangular material which is elaborately decorated with patterns and designs of varying styles this is for more casual and informal occasions. Many men, especially in urban areas, also have Sulu va taga which is a tailored sulu and can be tailored as part of their suit. Many will wear a shirt with a western-style collar, tie, and jacket, with a matching Sulu va taga and sandals, this type of sulu can be worn to a semi formal or formal occasion. Even the military uniforms have incorporated the Sulu va taga as part of their ceremonial dress. Women usually wear a multi-layered Tapa cloth on formal occasions. A blouse made of cotton, silk, or satin, of often worn on top. On special occasions, women often wear a tapa sheath across the chest, rather than a blouse. On other occasions, women may be dressed in a chamba, also known as a sulu I ra, a sulu with a specially crafted top. There are many regional variations throughout Fiji. Residents of the village of Dama, in Bua Province and Cakaudrove i Vanua (Province), Fiji wear finely woven mats called kuta, made from a reed. While traditional and semi-traditional forms of dress are still very much in use amongst indigenous Fijian culture, there is a greater influence for Western and Indian Fashion in urban areas as in neighboring developed nations. Traditions and ceremonies Etiquette in indigenous Fijian ceremony is rather intricate depending on the function as various formalities and presentations which do several things; firstly it shows respect between two communal groups, strengthen tribal and family ties and reinforce social, tribal and family ties. Various items are used in ceremony and surrounded by ceremony, Kava, known in Fiji as yaqona, is Fiji’s national drink. Traditionally, it was used only in important ceremonies. Nowadays, it is a social beverage. There is a strict protocol associated with yaqona drinking. One should clap once, clasping the hands, take the cup, and drink the yaqona in a single draft before returning the cup to the bearer. Another highly prized item in ceremony is the tabua or Whale’s tooth, other items also the use of mats (masi) are also used traditionally in ceremony also various regions have tradition that has been passed down generation to generation for centuries one example are the firewalkers of beqa. The Sawau tribe of Beqa are noted for their ability to walk on white hot stones without being burned. 12] Strict rituals have to be observed before the firewalking ceremony. There is an ancient myth about how an ancestor of the Sawau tribe was given this power by a spirit god in exchange for his life, after the god was captured by the man who was fishing for eels. Cuisine The cuisine of Fiji in pre-colonial times consisted of root crops, vegetables, and fruits, as well as various land animals such as wild pig, human, and various birds. The coastal tribes wou ld have had the same, but also had a large amount of local seafood. These would have been prepared with local herbs and spices on wood fire rock ovens. Most cooking areas were located in the center of house so the smoke would repel insects and strengthen the roof thatching. Another popular method of cooking, which is still used today, is the lovo which is an earth oven[13] — a fire made on in a pit in the ground lined with heat-resistant stones. It closely resembles the hangi of the New Zealand Maori. When the stones are hot, food wrapped in (banana) leaves, is placed in the pit, covered with soil and left to cook before being exhumed and eaten. Dishes cooked this way include palusami, parcels of taro leaves saturated with coconut milk, onions, and sometimes tinned meat. Modern Fijian Cuisine is rather diverse with great influence from Indian cuisine and spices. When these are applied to local traditional dishes, it makes for interesting eating. European, Indian, and Chinese variants of cuisine, along with traditional foods, are common place in most, if not all households in Fiji. Architecture A bure kalou, a sketch done in the early 1800s. In Old Fiji, the architecture of villages was simple and practical to meet the physical and social need and to provide communal safety the houses were square in shape and with pyramid like shaped roofs,[14] and the walls and roof were thatched and various plants of practical use were planted nearby, each village having a meeting house and a Spirit house. The spirit house was elevated on a pyramid like base built with large stones and earth, again a square building with an elongated pyramid like [14] roof with various scented flora planted nearby. The houses of Chiefs were of similar design and would be set higher than his subjects houses but instead of an elongated roof would have similar roof to those of his subjects homes but of course on a larger scale. With the introduction of communities from Asia aspects of their cultural architecture are now evident in urban and rural areas of Fiji’s two main Islands Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. A village structure shares similarities today but built with modern materials and spirit houses (Bure Kalou) have been replaced by churches of varying design. The urban landscape of early Colonial Fiji was reminiscent of most British colonies of the 19th and 20th century in tropical regions of the world, while some of this architecture remains, the urban landscape is evolving in leaps and bounds with various modern aspects of architecture and design becoming more and more evident in the business, industrial and domestic sector, the rural areas are evolving at a much slower rate. Literature The emergence of Fiji’s literature (as distinct from oral literature) coincides with the country’s transition to independence in 1970. Among the first published works of Fijian literature, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, were Raymond Pillai’s short stories (in English) and Pio Manoa’s poetry (in English and in Fijian). More recent notable Fiji writers include Satendra Nandan (poet and novelist), Sudesh Mishra (poet), Larry Thomas (playwright), and Joseph Veramo (novelist). Religion Religion is quite diverse with Christianity being the dominant faith in Fiji. Many Christian denominations are present in Fiji, the most prevalent of which is Methodist. Of the other Asian religions the Hindu faith is dominant, followed by Islam. There are other belief systems observed by Fijians as well. The impact of Christianity The impact of Christianity in the 19th century resulted in certain traditions being proscribed. In the pre-Christian era, human sacrifice was practiced. Men were buried alive to hold the pillars to the house of a chief. Cannibalism was practiced, too:[16] the bodies of enemies slain in battle, or in sacrifice, were piled up and cooked for festivals, such as the installation of chiefs or the launching of a great canoe. 16] Seru Epenisa Cakobau. The Bauan warlord who united the disparate tribes of Fiji and proclaimed himself King in 1871, renounced cannibalism on his conversion to Christianity in 1854. A bure kalou, a pre-Christian Fijian religious Building. Old religion Fiji’s old religion is no longer practiced by the majority in the indigenous community who have adopted Christianity. Old deities are still acknowled ged and respected, but not worshipped. Fijian rituals still exists in private. Demographics Of the various faiths, Christianity is the dominant belief system and ncluding all the various denominations of the Christian faith they number in total 449,482. Hindus, with their various denominations, number in total 261,097. Muslims make up 54,324 of Fiji’s population. Followers of other belief systems make up 10,166 of Fiji’s population. Sports Sports culture is unique as different racial mixes and cultures come together in a common interest. Fiji is fanatical about sports and the two most dominant being rugby and soccer. Traditional sports Sports in older times had a practical place, apart from recreation, helping to train young warriors. One such practice would have the older men bring the male children a severely injured captive of war, allowing the boys to practice their archery skills against this living target. There were other sports that were practiced in older times which are not practiced now. Notable traditional sports used to be played were tiqa, ulutoa, veisaga, and veisolo. Modern sports The Fiji sevens team at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Sports have developed greatly over the past two decades in Fiji with a wide variety of sports undertaken. Fiji is most well known for its prowess in the game of rugby union and in particular rugby sevens. Rugby union Rugby union is the most popular sport in Fiji. The highest level of competition is the Colonial Cup. The Fiji national rugby union team has competed in five Rugby World Cup competitions. The Fijian Rugby Sevens team is constantly one of the top two or three teams in the world, often the premier team. Rugby league Rugby league is a popular team sport played in Fiji. The Fiji national rugby league team is known as Fiji Bati, with the team competing in three Rugby League World Cup competitions. They made it to the semi-finals of the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. Football Football was a minor sport, but over the last decade with further international funding from FIFA and sound local management of the sport has grown in popularity amongst the Indian community initially but now also the Fijian community. Other sports Many sports exist in Fiji and in many ways has its own cultural following, sports such as golf which has been made famous by Fiji athlete Vijay Singh. Sports such as cricket and surfing which was brought to prominence by former world champion and Fiji athlete Tony Philips. Sailing in varying forms, various adventure sports, athletics, various Asian martial arts, boxing, and the list goes on.

Film Music Critique Essay

Action, suspense, love, and drama are all the makings for a great film. None of these key features to a film could have any substance or feeling without the help of music. Composers play a big role for setting the tone of the movie, developing characters, moving along or supporting action, and depicting the time and place the movie is taking place. In the movie Heat, Elliot Goldenthal does just that. Goldenthal was born in NY in 1954 and studied music under John Corigliano and Aaron Copeland. His partner is Julie Taymor and he won an Oscar for the movie Frida which Julie directed. Goldenthal has composed for several films as well as concert halls, theater and dance. He also has written an opera Grendel, which premiered in 1996 by The LA Opera Company. The movie opens with the main title fading in from black accompanied by a light string tone with horns backing them up (with a quick electric guitar when De Niro’s and Pacino’s names appear). This sets the overall tone for the movie presenting more of a serious / dramatic feel. The LA Metro begins to immerge into the background. The music complements the train passing, closely resembling the way Quincy Jones scored the opening of In Cold Blood with the bus passing by. There is a little change to the music when Robert De Niro’s character appears on screen which has a jazz tone that lets the audience know that this is in the city, in this case downtown Los Angeles. The music follows De Niro to an emergency hospital. At this point the music turns more intense with guitar and a prominent bass line moving the action along. There is a use of low strings moving very rapidly in the background that helps push the action along even more as he walks through the E.  R. This music carries on when the scene cuts and goes to Val Kilmer making a purchase in a construction yard. The music connects the two characters by carrying over through the scene. It also has an ominous feel that suggest that these two characters are more than likely the villains in the movie. The scene cuts to the hero, Al Pacino, with his wife and the music abruptly stops. This distinguishes his character of the hero, from the other two villain characters. At the end of the movie Robert De Niro’s character is trying to escape the country with the girl while Al Pacino’s character is right on his tail. There is a moment when De Niro realizes he cannot make it out with the girl and in and unspoken stare he leaves. The music matches the feeling of the moment using long drown out chords creating that sense a wanting and loss. As Pacino chases De Niro through a field the music stops to intensify the action and set up the final scene. The music fades back in shortly before Pacino shoots De Niro. The music carries into a high key riff that is repeated with strings playing four tones slowly behind the keys. The music grows louder adding more instruments such as large cymbals and carries into the credits. Goldenthal’s score was replaced in the final scene with Moby’s â€Å"God Moving Over the Face of the Water. † Director Michael Mann felt that Moby’s music better represented a feeling of relief, that it was over, that Pacino finally got his guy. At the same time the music related the two characters. Opposite from the beginning where the music separated the two, here it connects them demonstrating how they were not that different and had respect and admiration for each other.

Biography of Cleopatra, Last Pharaoh of Egypt

Biography of Cleopatra, Last Pharaoh of Egypt Cleopatra (69 BCE–August 30, 30 BCE) was the ruler of Egypt as Cleopatra VII Philopater, She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty of Egyptian rulers, and the very last Pharaoh of Egypt, ending a dynastic rule of some 5,000 years. Fast Facts: Cleopatra Known For: The last dynastic pharaoh of EgyptAlso Known As: Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra VII Philopater; Cleopatra Philadelphus Philopator Philopatris Thea NeoteraBorn: Early 69 BCEParents: Ptolemy XII Auletes (d. 51 BCE, ruled 80–51 BCE except for 58–55 BCE) and Cleopatra V Tryphaina (co-ruler 58–55 BCE with their daughter, Berenice IV, sister of Cleopatra VII)Died: August 30, 30 BCEEducation: Studied with a tutor and at the Mouseion at the Library of Alexandria, medicine, philosophy, rhetoric, oratory, and many languages, including Greek, Latin, and AramaicSpouse(s): Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV, Marc AntonyChildren: Ptolemy Caesarion (b. 46 BCE, with Julius Caesar); and three children by Marc Antony, twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene (b. 40 BCE), and Ptolemy Philadelphus (b. 36 BCE) Cleopatra VII was the descendant of Macedonians who were established as rulers over Egypt when Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 323 BCE. The Ptolemy dynasty was descended from the Greek Macedonian named Ptolemy Soter, whom Alexander the Great installed in Egypt, so much of Cleopatras ancestry was Macedonian Greek. There is some controversy about the possible African origins of her mother or her paternal grandmother. Early Life Cleopatra VII was born around the beginning of 69 BCE, the second of five children of Ptolemy XII and his wife Cleopatra V. Tryphania. Although not much is available about her early life, young royal women of the Ptolemaic dynasty were well educated, and although the Library of Alexandria was no longer the intellectual powerhouse of the Mediterranean, the facility and its adjacent research center the Mouseion were still a center for learning. She took medical studies- she was a medical writer as a young woman- and she studied philosophy, rhetoric, and oratory with a tutor. She was a gifted linguist: in addition to her native Greek, Plutarch reported that she spoke Ethiopian, Trogodyte, Hebraic (probably Aramaic or less likely Hebrew), Arabic, Syrian, Median, and Parthian as well as many others. She undoubtedly read Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, and perhaps others. During Cleopatras early years, her father Ptolemy XII tried to maintain his failing power in Egypt by bribing powerful Romans. In 58 BCE, her father fled Rome to escape the anger of his people for the failing economy. Cleopatra, about 9 years old at the time, likely went with him. Her oldest sister was Berenike IV, and when Ptolemy XII fled, she and her mother Cleopatra VI Tryphaina, and his eldest daughter, Berenice IV, assumed the rulership jointly. When he returned, apparently Cleopatra VI had died, and with the help of Roman forces, Ptolemy XII regained his throne and executed Berenice. Ptolemy then married his son, about 9 years old, to his remaining daughter, Cleopatra, who was by this time about 18. Rule and Political Strife On the death of Ptolemy XII in February or March of 51 BCE, the rule of Egypt was to go to Cleopatra and her brother and husband, Ptolemy XIII; but Cleopatra moved swiftly to take control, but not without issues.  Ã‚   When Cleopatra VII took the double crown, Egypt was still facing the financial issues that her predecessors had created- Julius Caesar was owed 17.5 million drachmas- and there was still scattered civil strife. Drought, failed crops, and food shortages were becoming more serious, and by 48 BCE the Nile flood was extremely low. Cleopatra set about restoring the bull cult; but the largest issue was the presence in her kingdom of Ptolemy XIII, only about 11 years old at the time. Ptolemy had the support of his tutor Potheinos and a powerful set of advisers, including many of the top generals, and by the autumn of 50 BCE, Ptolemy XIII was in the dominant position in the country.  At the same time, Pompey- with whom Ptolemy XII had allied himself- appeared in Egypt, chased by forces of Julius Caesar. In 48 BCE, Pompey named Ptolemy XIII the sole ruler, and Cleopatra went first to Thebes, then to Syria to gather an army of supporters among the opponents of Pompey, but her army was halted in the Nile delta region at Pelousion by Ptolemys forces. In the meantime, Ptolemys advisers were becoming alarmed at the rise in turmoil in the Roman Empire, and seeking to back away from that conflict, they had Pompey assassinated and his head sent to Caesar. Shortly thereafter, Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria. He sent messages to Cleopatra and Ptolemy, asking them to disband their armies and reconcile with one another; Ptolemy kept his army but came to Alexandria, while Cleopatra set messengers and then came herself to see Caesar. Cleopatra and Julius Caesar Cleopatra, according to the stories, had herself delivered to Julius Caesars presence in a rug and won his support. Ptolemy XIII died in a battle with Caesar, and Caesar restored Cleopatra to power in Egypt, along with her brother Ptolemy XIV as co-ruler. In 46 BCE, Cleopatra named her newborn son Ptolemy Caesarion, emphasizing that this was the son of Julius Caesar. Caesar never formally accepted paternity, but he did take Cleopatra to Rome that year, also taking her sister, Arsinoe, and displaying her in Rome as a war captive. That he was already married (to Calpurnia) yet Cleopatra claimed to be his wife added to political tensions in Rome that ended with Caesars assassination in 44 BCE. After Caesars death, Cleopatra returned to Egypt, where her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIV died, probably assassinated by her. She established her son as her co-ruler Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Cleopatra and Marc Antony When the next Roman military governor of the region, Marc Antony, demanded her presence- along with that of other rulers who were controlled by Rome- she arrived dramatically in 41 BCE and managed to convince him of her innocence of charges about her support of Caesars supporters in Rome, captivated his interest, and gained his support. Antony spent a winter in Alexandria with Cleopatra (41–40 BCE) and then left. Cleopatra bore twins to Antony. He, meanwhile, went to Athens and, his wife Fulvia having died in 40 BCE, agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of his rival Octavius. They had a daughter in 39 BCE. In 37 BCE Antony returned to Antioch, Cleopatra joined him, and they went through a sort of marriage ceremony the following year. That year of that ceremony, another son was born to them, Ptolemy Philadelphus. Marc Antony formally restored to Egypt- and Cleopatra- territory which the Ptolemys had lost control of, including Cyprus and part of what is now Lebanon. Cleopatra returned to Alexandria and Antony joined her in 34 BCE after a military victory. He affirmed the joint rulership of Cleopatra and her son, Caesarion, recognizing Caesarion as the son of Julius Caesar. Octavian and Death Antonys relationship with Cleopatra- his supposed marriage and their children, and his granting of territory to her- was used by the Roman emperor Octavian to raise Roman concerns over his loyalties. Antony was able to use Cleopatras financial support to oppose Octavian in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE), but missteps- probably attributable to Cleopatra- led to defeat. Cleopatra tried to get Octavians support for her childrens succession to power but was unable to come to an agreement with him. In 30 BCE, Marc Antony killed himself, reportedly because hed been told that Cleopatra had been killed, and when yet another attempt to keep power failed, Cleopatra killed herself. Legacy Much of what we know about Cleopatra was written after her death when it was politically expedient to portray her as a threat to Rome and its stability. Thus, some of what we know about Cleopatra may have been exaggerated or misrepresented by those sources. Cassius Dio, one of the ancient sources that tell her story, summarizes her story as She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself. What we know for certain is that Egypt became a province of Rome, ending the rule of the Ptolemies. Cleopatras children were taken to Rome. Caligula later executed Ptolemy Caesarion, and Cleopatras other sons simply disappear from history and are assumed to have died. Cleopatras daughter, Cleopatra Selene, married Juba, king of Numidia and Mauritania. Sources Chauveau, Michel. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies. Trans. Lorton, David. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000.Chaveau, Michel, ed. Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.Kleiner, Diana E.E., and Bridget Buxton. Pledges of Empire: The Ara Pacis and the Donations of Rome. American Journal of Archaeology 112.1 (2008): 57-90.Roller, Duane W. Cleopatra: A Biography. Women in Antiquity. Eds. Ancona, Ronnie and Sarah B. Pomeroy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Procure the Perfect Length for Your CV

Procure the Perfect Length for Your CV Procure the Perfect Length for Your CV Achieving the perfect length for your curriculum vitae (CV) can be highly confusing. A quick Internet search reveals that the perfect length should be anywhere between two to 20 pages (not a lot of help). While around five pages is a generally accepted length, ultimately your CV is relative to your experience and the job to which you’re applying. Here are some tips: Know Yourself Take time to evaluate your experience. If youve just been graduated, you’ll have less background and work history and your CV will be shorter. That’s to be expected. Also consider how much experience you have that’s related to the particular job for which you’re applying. If youve done a lot of volunteer work that relates to the position, your CV will be longer. Consider the experience your recruiter wants to see. Know Your Audience Determine what your recruiter/potential employer desires from a candidate. This will give you a better idea for the CV length. A position in academia will call for an extensive CV (often including all relevant research and publications). An entry-level position at a manufacturing company will not require as much information as one in academia. The key here is to balance what the recruiter wants to see with what you have to show. Give enough information for the employer to request an in-person interview. Don’t overwhelm him or her with information worthy of a novel. Consult The Experts If you’re still confused about the length of your CV, consider getting help from professionals who offer CV writing services. They’ll know the ideal length for someone in your field. can help you with length or write your CV for you.

Westward Hilton Hotel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Westward Hilton Hotel - Case Study Example Credit acquiring rules had increased the capital cost making it difficult for buyers to get the loan and acquire the property. In Phoenix market also the supply was increasing and demand to reduce. This means that the customers were declining and this could be as a result of United Stated recession (Cathy, 2009). In choosing to retain the hotel in the portfolio the organization could face some consequences. The hotel business was declining through the rest of portfolio was operating effectively (Cathy, 2009). This means that in keeping the hotel in the portfolio, income from other portfolios will be used to support the hotel business. If the hotel is not generating profit or enough income to cater for expenses like wages, power then it means money will be outsourced from another portfolio to cater for the expenses. This will lead to the collapse of all portfolios if the hotel will not peek in a short period of time (Chen and Clarke, 2007). Question Three Some of the Hillers general b usiness and human resources strategies are compatible while others are not compatible. Green focused on removing the obstacles or things which hindered the business from progressing. Buying of the undervalued properties can sometimes lead to the loss. Hiller can fail to obtain a buyer due to raising in the loan interests. If the organization does not get a buyer for some time, it may lack capital for future operations. The human resource strategies currently in place are compatible with training is offered to employees.